Includes bibliographical references and index.

Introduction to observational studies -- Propensity score stratification and regression -- Propensity score matching for estimating treatment effects -- Doubly robust estimation of treatment effects -- Propensity scoring with missing values -- Instrumental variable method for addressing selection bias -- Local control approach using JMP -- A two-stage longitudinal propensity adjustment for analysis of observational data -- Analysis of longitudinal observational data using marginal structural models -- Structural nested models -- Regression models on longitudinal propensity scores -- Good research practices for the conduct of observational database studies -- Dose-response safety analyses using large health care databases -- Costs and cost-effectiveness analysis using propensity score bin bootstrapping -- Incremental net benefit -- Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis with censored data -- Addressing measurement and sponsor biases in observational research -- Sample size calculation for observational studies.