I. Introduction and Methodology --Quantivative PCR: an introduction --Signal Amplification Methods in Molecular Diagnostics --The Lab-on-a-Chip Approach for Molecular Diagnostics --Nucleic Extraction and Amplification --General Procedures --II. Quality Assurance, Regulatory, and Ethical Issues --Billing and Reimbursement for Molecular Diagnostics --Molecular Pathology and Infectious Diseases --Ethical Considerations in Molecular Diagnostics --Quality Control, Assurance, Identification and Standards --III. Genetic Disease --Molecular Testing for Cystic Fibrosis and CFTR-Related Conditions --Carrier Testing for Neurogenetic Diseases --Hemochromatosis --Standards and Recommendations for Molecular Diagnostic Testing for Huntington Disease, the Autosomal Dominant Spinocerebellar Ataxias, and Friedreich Ataxia --IV. Cancer --The Role of Micro-RNAs in Cancer --Molecular Diagnostics in the Evaluation of Cancer: Modern Concepts and Overview --Gene Expression Analysis for Tumor Profiling GEA for TP --Molecular Diagnostics of Hematopoetic Malignancies --V. Infectious Diseases --Viruses --Hepatic B and C Viruses --Molecular Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus --Molecular Detection of Multiple Respiratory Viruses --Bacteria --Molecular Methods for Identification and Characterization of Acinetobacter species --Molecular Detection and Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections --Molecular Detection Of Group B Streptococcus --Role of Molecular Techniques in the Epidemiologic Investigation Of Hospital-Acquired Infections --Human Papilloma Virus and its Role in Cervical Carcinoma --VI. Specialized Applications of Molecular Testing --Molecular HLA Typing Methods Used in Clinical Laboratories --Identification through DNA analysis in criminal and family relatedness investigations --VII. Pharmacogenetics --Overview of Pharmacogenomics and Applications for the Modern Clinical Laboratory --UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and the Glucuronidation in Oncology Applications and Hyperbilirubinemia --Pharmacogenetics of P-450 Enzymes --Pharmacogenomics of Thiopurine Methyl Transferase (TPMT): Importance in Monitoring of Mercaptopurine/Azathioprine Therapy.